Rape is the widely distributed oil plant. By the production volume and oil consumption it occupies the fifth place in the world after soya, cotton plant, ground nut and sunflower. Biological properties of rape make it possible to plant it in areas with warm and moderate climate. Average rape crop yield in the world is equal to 15 c/ha (1.5 t/ha or 150 t/km?).
Rape cake is the product of oil processing production obtained after oil extraction from rape seeds.
Rape cake and canola meal are good sources of mineral substances, they are rich with oil- and water-soluble vitamins: tocopherol, retinol, riboflavin, cholin, biotin, and by contents of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and manganese they surpass soya.
It is intended both for feeding purposes by direct introduction to the ration of animals and poultry and for production of mixed fodder.
Due to the fact that rape refers to the cruciferous family, the obtained rape cake is the lactiferous fodder. The rather high protein content makes it possible to increase fat content of milk, and the low content of fibres makes it possible to correlate this additive with other fodders.
A peculiar feature of this product also includes a high residue of raw oil in oil cake. As is known, rape oil contains oleic acid, which, in its turn, increases exchange energy of fodder. This makes it possible to refuse from additional introduction of vegetable oils to the ration of cattle.
I kg of oil cake contains over 6 NEL МJ/kg of dry residue and over 300 g/kg of the total protein with the good protein balance. The fodder is enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids – linoleic acid and linolenoic acid.
Protein of rape cake has a good composition of amino acids: the sum of amino acids - 325 g/kg, what is not practically different from the canola meal (333 g/kg), and approximately 15% out of it constitute indispensible amino acids (51 % in soya).
Application of the rape cake, as compared with sunflower, increases pigs growth intensity, their slaughter properties, as well as pork production profitability.
Replacement of 10% of sunflower oil cake in mixed fodder for pigs with the analogous quantity of rape cake increases the live mass, reduces consumption of the fodder per growth unit and increases digestibility of main nutritional substances of pigs.
Also, the rape cake is used instead of canola meal when broilers are fed, by entailing not only increase of the live mass of poultry, but also essential reduction of the cost of mixed fodders.
Due to the fact that rape refers to the cruciferous family, the obtained rape cake is the lactiferous fodder. The rather high protein content makes it possible to increase fat content of milk, and the low content of fibres makes it possible to correlate this additive with other fodders.
A peculiar feature of this product also includes a high residue of raw oil in oil cake. As is known, rape oil contains oleic acid, which, in its turn, increases exchange energy of fodder. This makes it possible to refuse from additional introduction of vegetable oils to the ration of cattle.
I kg of oil cake contains over 6 NEL МJ/kg of dry residue and over 300 g/kg of the total protein with the good protein balance. The fodder is enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids – linoleic acid and linolenoic acid.
Protein of rape cake has a good composition of amino acids: the sum of amino acids - 325 g/kg, what is not practically different from the canola meal (333 g/kg), and approximately 15% out of it constitute indispensible amino acids (51 % in soya).
Application of the rape cake, as compared with sunflower, increases pigs growth intensity, their slaughter properties, as well as pork production profitability.
Replacement of 10% of sunflower oil cake in mixed fodder for pigs with the analogous quantity of rape cake increases the live mass, reduces consumption of the fodder per growth unit and increases digestibility of main nutritional substances of pigs.
Also, the rape cake is used instead of canola meal when broilers are fed, by entailing not only increase of the live mass of poultry, but also essential reduction of the cost of mixed fodders.
| Regulatory document | GOST 11048-95 |
| Appearance | Shells, granulized, in bulk |
| Odour | Typical for fresh cake |
| Colour | From gray to light-brown |
| Weight fraction of crude fat on the absolutely dry substance basis, not exceeding % | 11 |
| Weight fraction of ash on the absolutely dry substance basis, not exceeding %/td> | 7 |
| Weight fraction of moisture and volatile substances, %. | 6-9 |
| Weight fraction of raw protein on the absolutely dry substance basis, not less % | 32 |
| Weight fraction of fibres on the absolutely dry substance basis, not exceeding % | 16 |
| Total energy nutrient value on the absolutely dry substance basis, not less | 1,15 |
| Country of origin | The Republic of Belarus |
Canola meal — a kind of the cake obtained according to the scheme of pressing – extraction from preliminarily treated rape seeds with the use of extra wet and heat treatment (cake toasting). Canola meal is a rich source of mineral substances, such as calcium, iron, phosphorus, manganese, zinc. Also, it contains sufficient content of choline, biotin, folic acid, niacin.
It contains 1-5%of fat and by 42% of protein. By the energy value canola (10.4 МJ of exchange energy) is not inferior than sunflower oil cake (10.6 МJ). Protein is equal to 35-43%.
It has been known long ago that in rations for animals the ratio of calcium to phosphorus must be equal as 1.2-2 to 1. However, in the main grain fodder and in by-products of their treatment, vice versa, the phosphorus level by 3-8 times increases the level of calcium. This forces to introduce chalk, shells and other calcium-containing substances to rations. Meanwhile, chalk, by getting to stomachs of pigs and poultry sharply neutralizes acidity over there by worsening the digestibility of nutrient substances and contributing to growth of pathogenic micro flora in the digestive tract. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus in rape fodders is equal to 0.9:1, what allows to essentially reduce the introduction of chalk and shells to rations.
Cows digest rape protein worse than in soya only by 5%, but better than sunflower for the same amount. Replacement of a part of sunflower oil cake with the canola meal in rations of cows improves qualitative indicators of milk: its thermal stability increases and acidity is normalized. Studies of rape by VNIPTI showed that by 30% rape cakes (canola meals) can be introduced to mixed fodders for highly productive cows, and being so, lactation performance of cows increases by 5-16% as compared with the use of sunflower oil cakes.
Due to the fact that the cost of canola meals is 5 times cheaper than of soya with its rather high feeding benefits, it is widely used in dairy breeding of Western Europe and Canada. Besides, researches of VNII of cattle breeding and many other institutes showed that the expensive soybean meal can be fully replaced in cattle rations with the cheap rape meals in case of introduction of fodder enzymes.
During the research of effectiveness of replacement of sunflower oil cake with the canola meal for breeding broiler chickens, repairing youngsters and roasters it was determined that average daily increases of live mass of broiler chickens and repair youngsters increased by 10-15%, and the egg-laying capacity increased by 11.2%. Introduction of rape cake or canola meal instead of soybean meal by 10-15% does not reduce the intensity of their growth with the essential reduction of production self-cost and higher production profitability. When effectiveness of pigs breeding with sunflower and rape meals on the level of 10% ration, it was determined that growth intensity of the animals consuming the canola meal exceeded counterpart by 9%.
Protein digestibility and accessibility of amino acids by pigs and poultry essentially increase during introduction of feed enzymes to mixed fodder. So, up to 20% of canola meals may be introduced to rations of broilers with addition of feeding enzymes during the first period of breeding, and up to 30% during the second period, i.e. much higher than generally accepted standards. Enrichment of pigs rations with fodder enzymes improves digestibility of nutrient substances of fodders and respectively, the intensity of animals growth by 5-10% with the simultaneous reduction of self-cost of products up to 20%.
During the long period the rape fodders had limited application in breeding of animals and poultry, as they contained a number of anti-nutritional components. Currently, new rape grades have been bred with the low level of erucidic acid ( < 0.1%) and glucosinolates ( < 0.3%). Canola spring rape grades do not contain anti-nutritional substances.
Meanwhile, by taste rape cake and canola meal are inferior than in sunflower. Many researchers point out that pigs and poultry reduce consumption of mixed fodders with rape ingredients by 3-5% as compared with soya. Feeding additives should be used for improvement of taste and odour of rape fodders.
Cows digest rape protein worse than in soya only by 5%, but better than sunflower for the same amount. Replacement of a part of sunflower oil cake with the canola meal in rations of cows improves qualitative indicators of milk: its thermal stability increases and acidity is normalized. Studies of rape by VNIPTI showed that by 30% rape cakes (canola meals) can be introduced to mixed fodders for highly productive cows, and being so, lactation performance of cows increases by 5-16% as compared with the use of sunflower oil cakes.
Due to the fact that the cost of canola meals is 5 times cheaper than of soya with its rather high feeding benefits, it is widely used in dairy breeding of Western Europe and Canada. Besides, researches of VNII of cattle breeding and many other institutes showed that the expensive soybean meal can be fully replaced in cattle rations with the cheap rape meals in case of introduction of fodder enzymes.
During the research of effectiveness of replacement of sunflower oil cake with the canola meal for breeding broiler chickens, repairing youngsters and roasters it was determined that average daily increases of live mass of broiler chickens and repair youngsters increased by 10-15%, and the egg-laying capacity increased by 11.2%. Introduction of rape cake or canola meal instead of soybean meal by 10-15% does not reduce the intensity of their growth with the essential reduction of production self-cost and higher production profitability. When effectiveness of pigs breeding with sunflower and rape meals on the level of 10% ration, it was determined that growth intensity of the animals consuming the canola meal exceeded counterpart by 9%.
Protein digestibility and accessibility of amino acids by pigs and poultry essentially increase during introduction of feed enzymes to mixed fodder. So, up to 20% of canola meals may be introduced to rations of broilers with addition of feeding enzymes during the first period of breeding, and up to 30% during the second period, i.e. much higher than generally accepted standards. Enrichment of pigs rations with fodder enzymes improves digestibility of nutrient substances of fodders and respectively, the intensity of animals growth by 5-10% with the simultaneous reduction of self-cost of products up to 20%.
During the long period the rape fodders had limited application in breeding of animals and poultry, as they contained a number of anti-nutritional components. Currently, new rape grades have been bred with the low level of erucidic acid ( < 0.1%) and glucosinolates ( < 0.3%). Canola spring rape grades do not contain anti-nutritional substances.
Meanwhile, by taste rape cake and canola meal are inferior than in sunflower. Many researchers point out that pigs and poultry reduce consumption of mixed fodders with rape ingredients by 3-5% as compared with soya. Feeding additives should be used for improvement of taste and odour of rape fodders.
| Regulatory document | GOST 30257-95 |
| Appearance | Granulized, in bulk |
| Odour | Respective, specific for canola meal |
| Colour | From light-brown with greenish tint to dark-brown |
| Weight fraction of crude fat on the absolutely dry substance basis, not exceeding % | 3 |
| Weight fraction of ash on the absolutely dry substance basis, not exceeding %/td> | 7 |
| Weight fraction of moisture and volatile substances, %. | 8-12 |
| Weight fraction of raw protein on the absolutely dry substance basis, not less % | 37 |
| Weight fraction of fibres on the absolutely dry substance basis, not exceeding % | 16 |
| Total energy nutrient value on the absolutely dry substance basis, not less | 1,06 |
| Country of origin | The Republic of Belarus |