Physiological value of vegetable oils is higher than of animal fat. First of all, it is specified by high caloric value of oils – in case of full oxidation about 37.7 kJ are discharged from an organism from 1 g of fat. Besides, vegetable oils and animal fats are the structural parts of all organism tissues. Together with proteins they form complex compounds, in the form of which they are included in cellular membranes and sub-cellular structures. They promote regulation of water, salt, amino acids, carbohydrates penetration into cells and extraction of metabolic products out of them. Vegetable oils are sources of unsaturated essential fatty acids – linoleic, linolenoid and arachidic acids. As vegetable oils contain vitamins, phospholipids and stearines in a large quantity than animal fats, their use as a fodder promotes digestion and correct body metabolism.
Rapeseed oil ranks third in the world production after soya and cotton oil. It is extracted or pressed out with the subsequent treatment. The non-refined first grade and refined non-deodorized grades are intended for public catering and sales via the trade network. For nutritional purposes the product is allowed, where the acid number does not exceed 6 mg KOH/g, and erucidic acid – 3%.Rape acid has a specific taste and flavor, and by taste it is not inferior to olive oil. It is especially valued for long maintenance of transparency and flavor, as it happens with sunflower and Soybean oil.
Rapeseed oil is widely used in cookery as the basis for a dressing for salads, soups , sauces, as well as for cooking of various vegetable, meat and fish dishes, baking, marinades. Margarines and various mayonnaise grades are used for rapeseed oil preparation. Edible grades are also high-demanded in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry – they are used as the basis for ointments, oil injections and preparations for skin and hair care.
Addition of rapeseed oil to the compound feed for animals is a traditional area of its use. Currently, during preparation of diets for animals and poultry fats are usually regulated without the account of fat and acid composition. However, the character of biological action of fat depends on fatty acids contained there. Being so, differences in the biological effect of certain fatty acids are mainly manifested in formation of structural lipids. Along with fat and acids composition the value of any oil also depends on the content of biologically active compounds – tocopherols, carotenoids and others. By the content of tocopherols, natural inhibitors of oxidation rape ranks third after soya (80–120 mg%) and sunflower (60–100 mg%). The total amount of tocopherols in glaucous rape seed forms varies from 40 to 50 mg%, yellow-seeded rape - 40–70 mg%. Besides, the strongest anti-oxidizing y-form dominates in the tocopherol rape complex. Its content varies from 47 to 67%.
When 2%-rapeseed oil is included to the poultry ration, the content of exchange energy in it increases by 3%, linoleic acid - by 7%, raw fat – by 27%, and being so, the content of raw protein and other nutritional substances reduced by 2%. Inclusion of rapeseed oil to complete feeds for chickens does not negatively influence the poultry growth intensity, and being so, expenditures of fodders per product unit are essentially reduced.
Seed oil of non-erucidic and low glucosinolate rape grades can be used as source energy in starting mixed fodders for early-weaned litter and full ration mixed fodders for fattening swine. The use of rapeseed oil in mixed fodders for growing fattening swine in the amount of 3-6% by mass or equivalent quantity of its mix with animal fat (at the ratio 1:1) promotes increased average daily weight growth of pigs, when mixed fodder expenses are reduced per 1 kg of growth.
Seed oil of ordinary rape grades is popular in industrial, chemical, metallurgical, leather, soap, textile, painting and other productions. It is widely used in machine engineering. However, the use of rapeseed oil for fuel production should be considered most perspective, as well as, first of all, high rape crop yield makes it possible to get 1000-1500 l of biological fuel from 1 hectare of its plantings; secondly, it makes raw material base practically inexhaustible.
The main advantage of the fuel obtained from rapeseed oil is practically its full biodegradability. 10—12 % of oxygen contained in it make it possible to essentially reduce discharges to atmosphere of such harmful substances as carbon hydrate and ash, as well as nitrogen oxides- due to reduction of combustion temperatures. Besides, rapeseed oil does not contain sulfur compounds; it also has no polycyclic aromatic carbon hydrates – carcinogens usually contained in exhaust gases of diesel engines.
As in other oils not rapeseed oils is considered perspective, but the obtained methyl ether. This ether is a mixture of methyl ethers of fatty acids. It is produced by means of direct reetherification of acyl glycerols of rapeseed oil with methyl alcohol at temperature 353—363 К (80—90 °С) in the presence of potassium hydroxide. By its physical and chemical properties it is close to the standard diesel fuel, i.e. it has lower density, viscosity and ignition temperature than the oil itself, a higher cetane rating, therefore, what is very important, it can be supplied to engine cylinders with regular fuel injection equipment. The main thing here is that diesel becomes ecologically purer, when it works.
Addition of rapeseed oil to the compound feed for animals is a traditional area of its use. Currently, during preparation of diets for animals and poultry fats are usually regulated without the account of fat and acid composition. However, the character of biological action of fat depends on fatty acids contained there. Being so, differences in the biological effect of certain fatty acids are mainly manifested in formation of structural lipids. Along with fat and acids composition the value of any oil also depends on the content of biologically active compounds – tocopherols, carotenoids and others. By the content of tocopherols, natural inhibitors of oxidation rape ranks third after soya (80–120 mg%) and sunflower (60–100 mg%). The total amount of tocopherols in glaucous rape seed forms varies from 40 to 50 mg%, yellow-seeded rape - 40–70 mg%. Besides, the strongest anti-oxidizing y-form dominates in the tocopherol rape complex. Its content varies from 47 to 67%.
When 2%-rapeseed oil is included to the poultry ration, the content of exchange energy in it increases by 3%, linoleic acid - by 7%, raw fat – by 27%, and being so, the content of raw protein and other nutritional substances reduced by 2%. Inclusion of rapeseed oil to complete feeds for chickens does not negatively influence the poultry growth intensity, and being so, expenditures of fodders per product unit are essentially reduced.
Seed oil of non-erucidic and low glucosinolate rape grades can be used as source energy in starting mixed fodders for early-weaned litter and full ration mixed fodders for fattening swine. The use of rapeseed oil in mixed fodders for growing fattening swine in the amount of 3-6% by mass or equivalent quantity of its mix with animal fat (at the ratio 1:1) promotes increased average daily weight growth of pigs, when mixed fodder expenses are reduced per 1 kg of growth.
Seed oil of ordinary rape grades is popular in industrial, chemical, metallurgical, leather, soap, textile, painting and other productions. It is widely used in machine engineering. However, the use of rapeseed oil for fuel production should be considered most perspective, as well as, first of all, high rape crop yield makes it possible to get 1000-1500 l of biological fuel from 1 hectare of its plantings; secondly, it makes raw material base practically inexhaustible.
The main advantage of the fuel obtained from rapeseed oil is practically its full biodegradability. 10—12 % of oxygen contained in it make it possible to essentially reduce discharges to atmosphere of such harmful substances as carbon hydrate and ash, as well as nitrogen oxides- due to reduction of combustion temperatures. Besides, rapeseed oil does not contain sulfur compounds; it also has no polycyclic aromatic carbon hydrates – carcinogens usually contained in exhaust gases of diesel engines.
As in other oils not rapeseed oils is considered perspective, but the obtained methyl ether. This ether is a mixture of methyl ethers of fatty acids. It is produced by means of direct reetherification of acyl glycerols of rapeseed oil with methyl alcohol at temperature 353—363 К (80—90 °С) in the presence of potassium hydroxide. By its physical and chemical properties it is close to the standard diesel fuel, i.e. it has lower density, viscosity and ignition temperature than the oil itself, a higher cetane rating, therefore, what is very important, it can be supplied to engine cylinders with regular fuel injection equipment. The main thing here is that diesel becomes ecologically purer, when it works.|
Quality indicator |
Value |
|||
|
Rapeseed oil |
Non-refined |
Refined |
||
|
grade Р |
grade Т |
|||
|
Normative document |
STB 1486-2004 |
|||
|
Organoleptic indicators |
||||
|
Transparency |
Slight turbidity is allowed |
Transparent |
||
|
Odour and taste |
Odor, typical for rapeseed oil, without odd odours. Taste is not determined |
Without odour. Taste of anonymized oil |
||
|
Physical and chemical indicators |
||||
|
Colour value, mg of iodine, not exceeding |
85 |
95 |
5 |
|
|
Acid number, mg КОН/g, not exceeding |
3,6 |
4,8 |
0,22 |
|
|
Peroxide number, mmol/kg, not exceeding |
3,2 |
2,9 |
2,7 |
|
|
Mass fraction of moisture and volatile substances, %, not exceeding |
0,07 |
0,15 |
0,15 |
|
|
Mass fraction of phosphorus containing substances recalculated to stearo-oleo-lecithin, %, not exceeding |
0,76 |
0,62 |
0,01 |
|
|
Mass fraction of erucidic acid, % to the sum of fatty acids, not exceeding |
1 |
1,9 |
1,2 |
|
|
Mass fraction of erucidic acid, % to the sum of fatty acids, not exceeding |
23,15 |
50 |
2 |
|
|
Content of toxic elements |
||||
|
Lead, mg/kg |
0,01 |
0,1 |
0,01 |
|
|
Arsenic, mg/kg |
0,06 |
0,1 |
0,01 |
|
|
Cadmium, mg/kg |
0,003 |
0,05 |
0,01 |
|
|
Mercury, mg/kg |
0,004 |
0,03 |
0,01 |
|
|
Copper, mg/kg |
0,07 |
0,5 |
0,09 |
|
|
Iron, zinc, mg/kg |
2,0 |
5,0 |
0,57 |
|
Soybean oil occupies the leading place in the world production of vegetable oils. It is used in the refined form for eating. Soybean oil is widely used in food industry. Many various food products are produced with its use in industrial scales. High temperature of smoke generation beginning of Soybean oil makes it possible to use it for frying. Lecithin is a valuable component extracted from soya seeds along with fatty oil, which is separated for the use in confectionary and pharmaceutical industry. The oil can be used for enrichment of fodders during preparation of mixed fodders and dry fodder for feeding hens, turkeys, cattle, pigs and other animals.
Soybean oil is widely used not only as food product, but also as a highly effective admixture to rations of fodders for animals. Moreover, Soybean oil efficiently influences the development and growth of all live-stock animals, and it has been used for a long time and successfully. Enterprises for production of fodders use it as an energy carrier, its high efficiency is observed for laying hens, the size of eggs increases.In the recent years soybean oil has also been used for feeding beef cows for increasing the potential of their growth. Soybean oil as the pure vegetable fat is a rich energetic fodder. It contains 35.5 mg МЕ by almost 3 times more energy than barley. Addition of 1- 3 % Soybean oil leads to the required caloric value increase and improvement of taste along with the positive effect of binding the dry components.
Soybean oil has an enormous importance in pig breeding. By using Soybean oil in the ration essential fatty acids can be transferred directly to the body fat, i.e. first of all, this is done with unsaturated oleic acid and twice unsaturated vitally required linoleic acid, which are not formed in organisms of animals and humans, and therefore, they can only be supplied with fodder.
Soybean oil, as an additive to the fodder, is very convenient in application, as it can be added to dry fodders, for their binding and better palatability by animals, for reduction of losses, as oil binds small particles of grinded fodder and dry components, and it does not allow for them to be dispersed during transportation and mixing. Besides, fodders in this form get a more compact form.
For productivity improvement Soybean oil is added to fodder mixes for breeding pigs and breeding of youngsters. Energetically rich fodder mixes for breeding pigs during the period of about 2 weeks before farrowing and by the breeding end and before breeding with additives with Soybean oil provide the following advantages: higher value of milk of breeding pigs; a higher fat content of fat in milk; a higher fat percentage in bodies of piglets; a more intensive gain in weight of piggery; reduction of weight loss of pigs during breeding; dynamic sexual development after weaning of piggery.
High quality feeding is very important for youngsters, already during the first days of life pigs can take up fats. Soybean oil on the basis of its optimal fatty acid profile has especially high accessibility.
The fodder for piggery without dust and having a high caloric value with 2-6% of Soybean oil is willingly accepted by piglets since the 3rd-4th days of their lives, and provides undisputable advantages and higher daily weight gains, quicker achievement of the market weight by improving the efficiency of pigs breeding by several times.
| Quality indicator |
Value | ||||||
|
Soybean
oil |
Refined | Hydrated | Non-refined | ||||
| Deodorized | Non- deodo- rized |
Extra grade |
First grade |
||||
| Extra grade |
First grade |
||||||
| Normative document |
GOST 31760-2012, GOST 7825-96 | ||||||
| Transparency | Transparent without sediment | Sediment and slight turbidity are allowed | |||||
| Odour and taste | Without odour. Taste of anonymized oil |
Typical for Soybean oil, without odd odour and taste |
|||||
| Acid number, mg КОН/g, not exceeding |
0,30 | 0,40 | 0,40 | 0,40 | 2,0 | 6,0 | |
| Mass fraction of non-fatty admixtures, %, not exceeding |
None | 0,10 | 0,20 | ||||
| Mass fraction of phosphorus containing substances recalculated to stearo-oleo-lecithin, %, not exceeding |
20 0,05 |
200 0,50 |
200 0,50 |
1600 4,0 |
|||
| Soap (test for identification) |
None | Not standardized | |||||
| Mass fraction of moisture and volatile substances, %, not exceeding |
0,10 | 0,20 | 0,15 | 0,3 | |||
| Flash point of extraction oil, °С, not below |
Not standardized | 225 | Not standardized | 225 | |||
| Peroxide number, mmol of active oxygen/kg, not exceeding |
4,0* | 10,0 | 7,0 | 10,0 | |||
| Anisidine value, not exceeding |
3,0 | Not standardized | |||||
Sunflower oil is one of the best types of vegetable oil. It has low chilling temperature and high percentage of useful polyunsaturated fatty acids. High content of polyunsaturated fatty acids contributes to easy digestion of this product, normalization of fat and cholesterol metabolism in the organism.
Sunflower oil has many valuable organic compounds (oleic, linoleic, linolenoic) and saturated fatty acids (stearic, palmitic). It includes phosphorus containing substances, tocopherols (vitamin E and its derivatives) and waxes, and their quantity varies depending on the oil expression method and oil treatment. It is understandable that the less treatment of oil, the more it is valuable and useful for the organism. The manufacturer often points out absence of cholesterol in sunflower oil. However, this is only an advertising trick and the method of attraction of consumers to this product, because cholesterol is the product of the animal origin, and no vegetable oil contains it. Cholesterol is not and cannot be available in sunflower oil. Therefore, substitution of animal fats with sunflower oil is a good prevention of atherosclerosis and its related diseases.Normalized, well-balanced and comprehensive feeding of animals plays the most important role in intensification of animal breeding, provision of higher steady rate of production of the animal origin. The nutrition value and fodder type influence the rate of growth of animals, formation of muscle tissues, mass of internals, concentration of hormones, metabolism indicators of proteins and lipids, composition of fatty acids.
Sunflower oil has big importance in feeding of live-stock animals.
It gives essential saving of financial resources, reduced self-cost of youngsters breeding of all types of live-stock animals and higher yield of commodity milk and milk fat.
| Quality indicator |
Value | ||||||
|
Sunflower
oil |
Refined | Non-refined | |||||
| Deodorized | Non- deodo- rized |
Extra grade |
First grade |
For industrial treatment |
|||
| First grade |
Extra grade |
First grade |
|||||
| Normative document |
GOST 1129-93 | ||||||
| Organoleptic indicators | |||||||
| Transparency | Transparent without sediment |
Slight turbidity or “mesh” are allowed |
Sediment and slight turbidity or “mesh” above the sediment are allowed |
Not standardized | |||
| Odour and taste | Without odour, anonymized taste |
Typical for sunflower oil, without odd odour and taste |
|||||
| Physical and chemical indicators | |||||||
| Colour value, mg of iodine, not exceeding |
6 | 6 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 25 | 35 |
| Acid number, mg КОН/g, not exceeding |
0,3 | 0,3 | 0,3 | 0,4 | 1,5 | 4 | 6 |
| Mass share of non-fatty admixtures, %, not exceeding |
None | Not standardized | |||||
| Mass share of phosphorus containing substances recalculated to stearo-oleo-lecithin, %, not exceeding |
None | 0,2 | 0,6 | 0,8 | |||
| Mass share of moisture and volatile substances, %, not exceeding |
0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,15 | 0,2 | 0,3 |
| Flash point of extraction oil, °С, not below |
Not standardized | 225 | Not standardized | 225 | |||
| Peroxide number of fresh generated oil |
5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |