Sunflowers are valued not only for kernels, which are used for production of vegetable oil, by-products are also widely used: flowers, oilseed residues, expeller meals, sunflower husks. These sunflower wastes are considered one of most valuable and relatively cheap fodders for live-stock animals due to high contents of protein and vitamins.
Sunflower oil cake is a by-product during production of vegetable oils obtained after pressing and extraction of oilseeds (being so, the sunflower oil cake contains up to 1.5-2%).
This is a valuable fodder containing 30-43% of raw protein, a rich choice of amino acids, in particular, high contents of methionine, which favourably influences the growth and development of youngsters.
As compared to expeller meals, sunflower oil cakes have somewhat more raw protein, but less fat – not exceeding 1.5%. The content of husks does not exceed 16% (expeller meals are also produced without husks). The sunflower oil cake is rich with niacin, riboflavin, choline, biotin, panthothenic acid and pyridoxine. Besides, this is an excellent source of vitamin Е.
It is used as a fodder for animals, poultry, fish. It is used straight, as well as an additive to the mixed fodder. It contains up to 43% of easily digested protein. The sunflower oil cake increases productivity of animals and quality of animal products. Fat content increases in milk? As well as the daily milk yield of cows.
The sunflower oil cake is widely used for poultry feeding. This raw material is used for chickens from 7-14 days old. A big advantage of the sunflower oil cake includes its resistance against micotoxins and, hence, the minimal possible loss due to risk factors, which accompany the sunflower oil cake to a less extent than other fodders. The sunflower oil cake with the smaller content of husks has the feeding value for poultry farming.
Feeding of laying hens with the fodder based on the sunflower oil cake having the high fibre level (20%) is expressed in essential reduction of fodder consumption and daily weight growth. By this moment the sunflower oil cake can be included (from 50 to 100%) instead of soya to the fodder produced for laying hens and broilers.
The sunflower oil cake is rich with protein, as well as it has the same high availability of amino acids as soya oils cake – cotton and rapeseed oil cakes are far inferior than sunflower by this indicator. It has no anti-feeding factors, what makes this oil cake more advantageous as compared with rest fodders. One of drawbacks of the sunflower oil cake is that it contains a small quantity of lysine, which can easily be increased by extra introduction of this substance.
Cattle youngsters are fed with the sunflower oil cake by 1-1.5 kg, cows – by 2.5-4 kg, hogs – 0.5-1.5 kg. It must be fed in the dry form after mincing or wetting just before distribution for animals. The minced oil cake is not stored for a long time, it is hygroscopic, and if humidity is high, triglycerides of fatty acids are disintegrated to glycerol and fatty acids under action of enzymes, which afterwards change under action of developing bacteria and moulds along with extraction of extremely unpleasant odour.
Soya protein is well digested by organisms, and by the biological value it approaches to proteins of the animal origin. The high content of energy and protein in the oil cake makes it possible to prepare high protein and high energy rations without the use of expensive fats. The soya oil cake is used for feeding all types of animal, poultry, fish both straight and as a part of mixed fodders.
The sunflower oil cake is widely used for poultry feeding. This raw material is used for chickens from 7-14 days old. A big advantage of the sunflower oil cake includes its resistance against micotoxins and, hence, the minimal possible loss due to risk factors, which accompany the sunflower oil cake to a less extent than other fodders. The sunflower oil cake with the smaller content of husks has the feeding value for poultry farming.
Feeding of laying hens with the fodder based on the sunflower oil cake having the high fibre level (20%) is expressed in essential reduction of fodder consumption and daily weight growth. By this moment the sunflower oil cake can be included (from 50 to 100%) instead of soya to the fodder produced for laying hens and broilers.
The sunflower oil cake is rich with protein, as well as it has the same high availability of amino acids as soya oils cake – cotton and rapeseed oil cakes are far inferior than sunflower by this indicator. It has no anti-feeding factors, what makes this oil cake more advantageous as compared with rest fodders. One of drawbacks of the sunflower oil cake is that it contains a small quantity of lysine, which can easily be increased by extra introduction of this substance.
Cattle youngsters are fed with the sunflower oil cake by 1-1.5 kg, cows – by 2.5-4 kg, hogs – 0.5-1.5 kg. It must be fed in the dry form after mincing or wetting just before distribution for animals. The minced oil cake is not stored for a long time, it is hygroscopic, and if humidity is high, triglycerides of fatty acids are disintegrated to glycerol and fatty acids under action of enzymes, which afterwards change under action of developing bacteria and moulds along with extraction of extremely unpleasant odour.
Soya protein is well digested by organisms, and by the biological value it approaches to proteins of the animal origin. The high content of energy and protein in the oil cake makes it possible to prepare high protein and high energy rations without the use of expensive fats. The soya oil cake is used for feeding all types of animal, poultry, fish both straight and as a part of mixed fodders.
| Regulatory document | GOST 11246-96 |
| Appearance | Granulized, in bulk |
| Odour | Typical for sunflower oil cake |
| Colour | Gray with various tints |
| Weight fraction of crude fat on the absolutely dry substance basis, not exceeding % | 1.5 |
| Weight fraction of ash on the absolutely dry substance basis, not exceeding %/td> | 6.5 |
| Weight fraction of moisture and volatile substances, %. | 7-10 |
| Weight fraction of raw protein on the absolutely dry substance basis, not less % | 39 |
| Weight fraction of fibres on the absolutely dry substance basis, not exceeding % | 23 |
| Total energy nutrient value on the absolutely dry substance basis, not less | 0.968 |
| Country of origin | Ukraine, Russia |
Sunflower expeller meal is formed as a result of plant seeds pressing with the aim of obtaining the oil. It consists of grinded residues of sunflower kernels. This product contains about 30% of protein and up to 7% of fat, what makes it possible to call it as the most profitable agricultural fodder and, what is also important, the application of the sunflower expeller meals in fodders makes it possible to exclude addition of forage oil.
By the quantitative content of proteins the expeller meals surpasses even cereal grains. Owing to high nutritional and energy value sunflower wastes in the ration of animals favourably influence their development.
Owing to numerous advantages the expeller meals are often used for making mixed fodders. Owing to available sunflower oil this product contains vitamin E, phospholipids and it has a low acidity degree. The sunflower expeller meal is considered an excellent fodder for poultry, cattle, pigs, rabbits.
Egg production increases in poultry, milk in yield in cows, immune system strengthening in youngsters. Along with that, the expeller meal is useful for:
- average daily weight growth of animals;
- improvement of metabolic processes;
- reduction of incidence of illness and loss of cattle;
- yield increase.
Production of expeller meal in the form of granules, particles or pressed plates. Before adding it to the fodder, it should be minced. It can be fed in the wet and dry forms. One should remember that overdose of this product may be harmful for animals, and therefore, it is important to observe correct proportions.
The sunflower expeller meal is often kept in bags by choosing dry and clean premises for storage. Premises should be well ventilated, that is why it would be good to use the premises equipped with the exhaust and supply system. Expeller meal should be protected from cereal chafers, direct sun rays and close sources of heat.
| Regulatory document | GOST 80-96 |
| Appearance | Shells or crushed |
| Odour | Typical for sunflower expeller meals |
| Colour | From gray of various tints to brown of various tints |
| Weight fraction of crude fat on the absolutely dry substance basis, not exceeding % | 10.0 |
| Weight fraction of ash on the absolutely dry substance basis, not exceeding %/td> | 6.2-6.8 |
| Weight fraction of moisture and volatile substances, %. | 8.5 |
| Weight fraction of raw protein on the absolutely dry substance basis, not less % | 38 |
| Weight fraction of fibres on the absolutely dry substance basis, not exceeding % | 20 |
| Total energy nutrient value on the absolutely dry substance basis, not less | 1.04 |
| Country of origin | Ukraine, Russia |